Many ghettos were closed, meaning enclosed by walls, but others were open, enabling Jews to go to or work in other areas. The largest ghetto was in Warsaw, where more than , Jews were crowded together. From summer , the Nazi authorities began deporting large numbers of Jews to the death camps for annihilation, and the following year they began the process of liquidating the ghettos and deporting the remaining Jews.
This conference was held in a suburb of Berlin, called Wannsee, and became known as the Wannsee Conference. The Nazis extensively persecuted Roma as well as Jews. Most Roma were segregated into camps, however some were also placed in ghettos. Within a few months of arrival, almost half of those deported had died. The account was given by Professor Dr. Although no two ghettos were the same, ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe were broadly catagorised into three different types: open, closed, and destruction.
Open ghettos had no fences or walls around their perimeter. Despite this, there were still restrictions against who could enter or leave, when, and how often.
Closed ghettos were closed in by fences or walls. Leaving or entering the ghettos was prohibited. These circumstances made conditions inside extremely unsanitary, with huge shortages in food and water leading to high death rates. Destruction ghettos were spaces in towns and cities that were sealed for short periods of time, typically around two weeks, before their inhabitants were deported to extermination camps and murdered.
Within the ghetto, a Jewish police force was recruited to enforce order. The SS were responsible for setting up each ghetto and ensuring that the administration of the ghetto ran smoothly. The Jewish Councils were controlled by the SS and had to comply and carry out its demands. In Warsaw, the J udenrat was based in this building. The Jewish Councils were elected by the local population and made up of influential or high profile Jews and Rabbis from the community.
The Councils were responsible for tasks such as transferring Jews from their homes to ghettos, maintaining order and discipline within the ghetto, and issuing food rations. To relieve suffering within the ghetto they also often established charitable organisations such as orphanages, hospitals, surgeries and mutual aid societies. The councils were also responsible for jobs such as providing an internal police force for the ghetto, providing workers for forced labour and supplying names of Jews to be deported to camps in the east.
Whilst the councils sought to be benevolent , they were in a difficult position. Any SS demands that were not complied with resulted in serious sanctions, which could endanger not only the council members but the population of the ghetto as a whole.
The morally difficult decisions made by the Jewish Councils inevitably took a toll on their members, and many resigned or committed suicide rather than carry out the tasks required of them by the SS. While in the ghetto, Friedmann continued to draw, depicting the inhumane conditions inside. This drawing, recollecting that period, was produced by Friedmann in , and shows a Gestapo officer questioning Jews on their remaining belongings, before he beat them. On 25 January , Friedmann was liberated.
Neither his wife Mathilde or daughter Mirjam survived. After the war, Friedmann continued to work as an artist and used art to depict his experiences of Nazi persecution. In , Friedmann married Hildegard Taussig and together they had a daughter also called Miriam. Friedmann died in This photograph was taken in the Lublin Ghetto.
Ghettos were often enclosed districts that isolated Jews by separating Jewish communities from the non-Jewish population and from other Jewish communities. The Germans established at least 1, ghettos in the occupied eastern territories. There were three types of ghettos :.
The largest ghetto in occupied Poland was the Warsaw ghetto. In Warsaw, more than , Jews were crowded into an area of 1. Tens of thousands of western European Jews were also deported to ghettos in the east. The Germans ordered Jews in the ghettos to wear identifying badges or armbands. They also required many Jews to carry out forced labor for the German Reich.
Nazi-appointed Jewish councils Judenraete administered daily life in the ghettos. A ghetto police force enforced the orders of the German authorities and the ordinances of the Jewish councils.
This included facilitating deportations to killing centers. Jewish police officials, like Jewish council members, served at the whim of the German authorities. The Germans did not hesitate to kill those Jewish policemen who were perceived to have failed to carry out orders. In many places, ghettoization lasted a short time. Some ghettos existed for only a few days.
Others lasted for months or years. The Germans saw the ghettos as a provisional measure to control and segregate Jews while the Nazi leadership in Berlin deliberated upon options for the removal of the Jewish population. With the implementation of the " Final Solution " the plan to murder all European Jews beginning in late , the Germans systematically destroyed the ghettos. The Germans and their auxiliaries either shot ghetto residents in mass graves located nearby or deported them.
Jews were deported to killing centers. The duration of ghettoisation varied considerably from a few months to several years, with the implementation of the Final Solution, the Germans began systematically to destroy the ghettos. The Germans and their henchmen either shot ghetto inmates in mass graves, located in nearby woods, or deported them to one of six death camps — Auschwitz, Treblinka, Belzec, Chelmno, Majdanek and Sobibor.
The largest ghetto in Poland was the Warsaw Ghetto, where approximately , Jews were incarcerated. After the ghettos were sealed, any Jew caught outside the ghetto walls was liable to be shot.
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