The authors recap these theoretical problems in the perennial question, how life could have emerged from inanimate matter. Moreover, Pascal and Pross are alarmed that biology, as a discipline, has by today grown apart from physical sciences, although chemistry did become biology on this planet some 3. Hence, the logical conclusion is that all disciples must have a common conceptual basis.
We have hardly anything to add on this sharp analysis of the status quo. Yet, we wish to emphasize that only by convention we refer to some systems as living while others as nonliving, but nature itself does not make the divide: scale free patterns are ubiquitous [ 2 - 10 ].
Throughout nature are found skewed, nearly log-normal distributions that accumulate along sigmoid curves, and hence appear on log-log scales mostly as straight lines, i. These patterns share the same mathematical form, only parameters differ from one system to another. For example, lengths of genes distribute in the same skew manner as lengths of words. Animal and plant populations, irrespective of a species, spread out on terrestrial and marine environments in the same manner as economic wealth, irrespective of assets, spreads out in diverse societies.
Likewise, chemical reactions and economic transactions proceed along sigmoid curves toward stationary cycles such as citric acid cycle in a cell and annual cycles of production. Also a cyclone whirls in a temperature gradient in the same way as a galaxy spirals in the universal density. These logarithmic spirals appear also in many other familiar forms such as shells, cones and inflorescences.
Moreover, ecological succession advances in the same way as technological progress, that is, by punctuating from one innovation to another along a sigmoid curve. Production of goods branches out just as a phylogenic tree of species fans out. So does also an electric discharge disperse in a medium, for instance, lighting in the air. A metabolic network across a cell displays the same power-law degree distribution of intersections as the nodes of a transportation network across a city or the communication network World Wide Web across the Globe as well as the network of galaxies across the Universe.
These universal patterns present compelling evidence that there is a natural law that encompasses everything. The basic law of nature is no mystery. It says that energy differences of any kind, i. The opening words of Principia address the same relation between forces and motion: Rational Mechanics will be the science of motions resulting from any forces whatsoever and of the forces required to produce any motions, accurately proposed and demonstrated [ 16 ].
No system has any choice but to move along the resultant force, i. Also Carnot recognizes the universality without divide between animate and inanimate [ 17 ]: All substances in nature can be employed for the production of impelling power.
Power P equals the consumption of free energy. For example, a brook will vary its path, and this flow of energy will all by itself, i. Conversely, any rivulet cannot but drain dry when the flow finds a faster way to consume gravitational potential. According to this tenet also an animal population will vary its ways of making living, and the associated flows of energy will themselves naturally select among alternatives, e. Conversely, no species has any freedom but to adapt or perish, when more effective consumers of a common free energy reservoir come around.
These courses toward thermodynamic balance with superior surroundings are not unlikely processes, but natural for all systems. It is only a trivial mathematical exercise to show that the least-time imperative, in the form of equation of motion, gives rise to the scale free patterns [ 12 ]. Of course, these patterns have been recognized and modeled by various mathematical functions already for a long time, however, the insight that the scale free patterns result from the least-time free energy consumption has been overlooked.
These three forms are, in fact, equivalent to each other. The mathematical equivalence leaves us without any options but to conclude that evolutionary courses advance along the direction of resultant force. This path of least-time free energy consumption is, in turn, equivalent to the path of maximal rate of entropy increase. However, the mathematical formalism does not imply determinism. On the contrary, evolutionary courses are inherently intractable, because the driving forces are consumed by motions [ 20 ].
In other words, the net force keep changing hand in hand with changes in motion, i. Not even a simple chemical reaction can be understood without dissipation, and hence the textbook thermodynamics and kinetics appear as incongruent.
In reality no kinetics runs a reaction, but kinetics is a manifestation the least-time consumption of free energy. Likewise, conceptual conundrums will arise, when entropy is mistaken for a measure of disorder, i. At the maximum entropy state of a thermodynamic balance all energy is bound, since all free energy has been consumed. Protein folding, for instance, is obviously not determined by an amino acid sequence alone, but depends also on dissipation to the surroundings whose properties, temperature, pH, ionic strength, chaperons, etc.
Animate as an adjective grammar, of a noun or pronoun :. Having a referent that includes a human, animal, plant or other entity which is considered alive.
The difference between Animate and Inanimate When used as verbs , animate means to impart motion or the appearance of motion to, whereas inanimate means to animate. Animate as an adjective : That which lives. Is a plant an inanimate object? Whose to Refer to Inanimate Objects.
Are flowers inanimate objects? Flowers open, root systems spread, etc, etc. According to the dictionary, it seems to be more of an inanimateobject. Ramzi Parrizas Explainer. Can we use they for objects? Yes " they " is correct when referring to inanimate objects. From Merriam-Webster: those ones — used asthird person pronoun serving as the plural of he, she, or it Yoursecond sentence is incorrect because you are referring to multipleapples.
Manex Manzanares Explainer. How do you photograph inanimate objects? Here's how you do it:. Turn off your camera's flash. Grab your tripod, and screw your camera onto it. Take the picture, being sure to not let the tripod move. Godofredo Blanes Explainer. What part of speech is inanimate? She claims she has no skill at painting people or animalsand prefers to paint inanimate objects.
Terezia Hopers Pundit. Is water an inanimate? Yes, water H-H-O , Di-hydrogen-oxide , etc. It has no cells, thought processes, goal exceptto find it's own level , or anything else that would define it asanimate.
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